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Built on the site of Afrosiab, which dated from the 3d or 4th millennium BC, Samarkand was known to the ancient Greeks as Marakanda; ruins of the old settlement remain north of the present city. The chief city of Sogdiana , on the ancient trade route between the Middle East and China, Samarkand was conquered (329 BC) by Alexander the Great and became a meeting point of Western and Chinese culture.
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