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In the early years of his reign Avars and Bulgars threatened, attacking even Constantinople, and the Persians conquered Syria, Palestine, and Egypt. In three costly campaigns (622-28) Heraclius recovered the provinces from the Persians, but they fell (629-42) to the Muslim Arabs. He sought to reconcile the Monophysites with the Orthodox Church; this attempt led to the compromise of Monotheletism , which was rejected by both sides. Heraclius began the reorganization of the empire into military provinces ( themes ).
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