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What was fortification like during the Middle Ages?

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In the Middle Ages, when raids and petty warfare were customary, the typical fortifications were town walls of masonry, great citadels within the cities, and castles . The Crusades helped further the development of fortifications. Similar structures were used in the chaotic warfare of feudal China, India, and Japan. In the West many castles and citadels, notably those of the Moors in Spain, were defensible against all but a long siege.

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Similar questions: How were fortifications during the Middle Ages built? What were the fortification of the Moors like? How did the Crusades help fortification? [ Hide these questions ]

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