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How is fortification overcome?

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To overcome advances in fortification, siegecraft (see siege ) evolved, and devices such as battering rams, scaling ladders, catapults , and movable towers appeared. As siegecraft became more effective, walls were made higher and thicker—often 30 to 40 ft (9.1-12.2 m) thick. The Romans, with their engineering skill, also developed field fortifications in their camps. However, with the breakdown of Roman authority and the increase in raids and incursions by invaders from the North and the East, fortification on the grand scale was largely replaced by local fortifications.

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