What is the history of Emilia-Romagna?
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After the fall of Rome, the region was conquered (5th cent. AD) by the Lombards. Bologna and most of present-day Romagna fell under Byzantine rule in the 6th cent. and from then to the 19th cent. had histories separate from Emilia. Divided into several duchies and counties, Emilia was conquered by the Franks in the 8th cent. However, its subsequent history is that of its individual cities, many of which became free communes in the 12th cent. By the 17th cent. the duchy of Parma and Piacenza, under the Farnese family, and the duchy of Modena, under the house of Este, together held virtually all of Emilia. Emilia was held by the French from 1797 to 1814, when Modena passed to Austria and Parma and Piacenza came under Marie Louise , the wife of deposed Napoleon I. Emilia played an important role in the Risorgimento , and there were revolts against foreign rule in 1821, 1831, and 1848-49. In 1860 all of Emilia-Romagna was joined to the kingdom of Sardinia, which in 1861 became the kingdom of Italy. In the 20th cent. Emilia (especially Bologna) has been a center of socialism and Communism. The region suffered severe flooding in 1966. There are universities at Bologna, Ferrara, Modena, and Parma.
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