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He made observations of the transits of Venus and Mars and investigated the solar parallax. As astronomer royal (1879-1907) at the Cape of Good Hope, he carried out the geodetic survey of Natal and Cape Colony and organized the geodetic survey of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). He was a leader in the use of photography in the preparation of star catalogs. His photographic survey of almost half a million stars in the Southern Hemisphere (with J. C. Kapteyn) is known as The Cape Photographic Durchmusterung for the Equinox 1875 (1896-1900). This work extended Argelander's Bonn Durchmusterung to the South Pole. Gill was knighted in 1900.
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