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In 756, Abd ar-Rahman I established the Umayyad dynasty at C—rdoba. This emirate became under Abd ar-Rahman III the caliphate of C—rdoba. The court there grew in wealth, splendor, and culture. The regent al- Mansur in the late 10th cent. waged bitter warfare with the Christians of N Spain, where, from the beginning, the Moorish conquest had met with its only opposition. The cities of the south, Toledo, C—rdoba, and Seville, speedily became centers of the new culture and were famed for their universities and architectural treasures (see Moorish art and architecture ).
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