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How are tunnels made?

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... tunnel underground passage usually made without removing the overlying rock or soil. Although tunnels are approximately horizontal, they must be built with sufficient gradient for proper drainage. Tunnels may be ventilated by shafts leading to the surface or by exhaust fans at the ends.

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Similar questions: Are tunnels completely horizontal? Do tunnels allow for drainage? Do tunnels have ventilation? [ Hide these questions ]

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